Trace Evidence Essays - Forensic Evidence, Forensics, Trace Evidence

Follow Evidence Follow proof is significant in criminological examinations. This class of proof includes numerous differing sorts of infinitesimal materials just as certain models that are effectively noticeable to the unaided eye. The subject is expansive and various on account of the quantity of various kinds of proof that are regularly experienced. Follow proof can be thought of as proof occuring in sizes so little that it tends to be moved or traded between two surfaces in secret. Assortments of follow proof can incorporate, however are not constrained to: metal filings, glass parts, plumes, food stains, building materials, greases, fingernail scrapings, dusts and spores, beautifiers, plastic sections, gunfire buildup, synthetic compounds, paper strands and sawdust, human and creature hairs, plant and vegetable filaments, blood and other body liquids, black-top or tar, vegetable fats and oils, tidies and other airborne particles, protection, material filaments, ash, soils and mineral grains, and e! xplosive deposits. Scientific researchers routinely come into contact with a generally not many number of these. They are: hair, glass, paint, filaments, fingerprints, and flamable fluids. These will be canvassed more top to bottom in this paper. Edmond Locard, a French researcher and one of the early pioneers in criminological science accepted unequivocally that people couldn't enter a region without taking residue particles with them from the scene. This became known as what is presently called Locard's Exchange Principle. This rule expresses that when two items come into contact with one another, every one of the items will leave particles of one on the other. It is this rule that is the establishment of the legal investigation of follow proof. Follow proof assessment is the assessment and examination of little particles so as to help set up a connect between a suspect and a wrongdoing scene or a suspect and the casualty of a wrongdoing. These little particles generally incorporate such things as hair, paint, glass, and strands. Despite the fact that not considered follow things by definition the numerous Crime Labs likewise look at and investigate such significant proof as flammables (in pyro-crime examinations), fingerprints, footwear (shoeprints), and crack matches. Many additionally perform assessments of car headlamps, taillights and speedometers. The primary class of follow proof I will talk about is hair. Hair is analyzed terribly (with the unaided eye), what's more, with both low force and high force magnifying lens to decide whether addressed hairs, found at the scene or then again on the garments of an individual are reliable in qualities to realized hair gathered from the suspect as well as casualty. A portion of these qualities incorporate increasingly clear characteristics, for example, shading, length, and morphological shape and furthermore minuscule parts of the fingernail skin, cortex and medulla, which are the three essential segments of a hair. A hair can't be connected explicitly to a person through these techniques however crucial data created with respect to who the suspect might be and critical end of different suspects can frequently be finished. It is conceivable to tell the race, sex, and area of the body that a hair originates from. A family member thought with regards to the time since the last hair style can likewise be made. The second sort of follow proof is glass. At the point when bigger examples are accessible glass can be valuable in connecting a suspect with the wrongdoing scene through crack matches. This is the point at which a bigger part of glass, found related with the suspect, can be truly fitted with at least one pieces from the wrongdoing scene. More frequently when an individual accesses a business or staying by breaking glass the culprit will get minuscule bits of glass on his/her apparel. These can't be genuinely coordinated due to their little size. Be that as it may, these pieces, however littler than a pinhead, can be portrayed under the magnifying lens. After appropriate gross and low force infinitesimal assessments are played out the Forensic Scientists use minuscule refractive list assurance to additionally describe the examples. Refractive file is a estimation of how light is refracted (twisted) as it goes through the minute glass test. Glasses having various details and utilized for differe! nt purposes have diverse RI's. In this manner tests can be contrasted with decide whether the glass from the wrongdoing scene could be the wellspring of the glass expelled from the speculate's garments. The third kind of follow proof is paint. At the point when culprits break into organizations or residences they have the capability of getting little paint tests during their illicit visit. What's more, as a rule when vehicles as well as trucks crash there is a huge possibility that paint from either vehicle will move to the next. Numerous Forensic Researchers will

Gun Control Debate Essay Example For Students

Firearm Control Debate Essay Firearm ControlGun control is a dreadfully large issue in the United States today. Numerous individuals in America dont concur with the firearm control laws that they have today. Weapon control laws just remove firearms and opportunity from reputable residents. Numerous residents have their own explanations behind claiming a firearm. For what reason would the administration need to make it harder for individuals to claim a firearm? Individuals that own firearms arent liable to be assaulted by lawbreakers. Possessing a handgun is probably the most ideal methods of assurance when utilized effectively. The subsequent correction expresses the option to carry weapons; does this award everybody the option to possess a firearm? Weapon control laws have not been demonstrated to do anything for residents. Firearm control laws simply make it harder for the hero regular person to possess a weapon. Firearm control laws are not a smart thought, and are partaking in the loss of our opportunity tha t was given to us. (http://www.constitution.org/2l/2ndschol/133sec.html, 1996)Gun control just removes weapons from reputable individuals and it never really prevent lawbreakers from purchasing illicit firearms, who are probably not going to comply with the law and register their firearms by any means. More often than not the term weapon control is inappropriately utilized. The meaning of weapon control is the administration guideline of ownership and utilization of guns by private residents. The administration is utilizing it as approach to remove our entitlement to carry weapons from us. (Kluin, pg 121, 1982)There are numerous reasons that individuals need to claim a weapon. One of the primary reasons that individuals own a weapon is security for themselves and their family. In a review given about firearms, self preservation was the principle explanation behind possessing a weapon. Firearms give an incredible wellspring of mental consolation even among residents who are not especially worried about the dread of wrongdoing of being exploited. The privilege of self-protection and the option to utilize guns for self-preservation and the resistance of your family is the establishment for rights written in the U.S. constitution. (Long, pg 28, 1989)Why does the administration make it harder for normal residents to ensure themselves? Police can't generally secure everybody in the network. There are just around 500,000 cops all through the nation, which implies there is around 125,000 cops on the job at some random time. Other than a protector or a law authorization official at everyones side twenty-four hours per day, the best hindrance to a criminal assault is the crooks dread that the potential casualty is furnished and arranged to guard themselves. Courts have decided that there is no established option to be ensured by the state against being killed by crooks, which implies that police have no obligation to secure the individual resident. (http://www.guncite.com, 2004)It isn't likely of being assaulted when someone is furnished. Hoodlums dread equipped residents on account of their entitlement to secure themselves. Casualties who utilized firearms for insurance were much more outlandish either to be assaul ted or harmed than casualties who reacted in some other manner. As per the U.S. Equity Department exploitation considers, a normal resident that utilizations arms or a self-insurance stands not only a more noteworthy possibility of maintaining a strategic distance from injury than the crook, yet in addition your odds of getting in a difficult situation for utilizing the arms on an un-furnished lawbreaker. The police power took to the streets in Albuquerque, New Mexico, and during this time the crime percentage very diminished in light of the fact that alarmed residents equipped themselves and secured their homes and organizations. Crooks would not like to confront residents that were equipped ensuring their own property with a similar power the hoodlums used to take it. .u777af3fe25750e185dcec92f64e1c525 , .u777af3fe25750e185dcec92f64e1c525 .postImageUrl , .u777af3fe25750e185dcec92f64e1c525 .focused content territory { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u777af3fe25750e185dcec92f64e1c525 , .u777af3fe25750e185dcec92f64e1c525:hover , .u777af3fe25750e185dcec92f64e1c525:visited , .u777af3fe25750e185dcec92f64e1c525:active { border:0!important; } .u777af3fe25750e185dcec92f64e1c525 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u777af3fe25750e185dcec92f64e1c525 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; murkiness: 1; change: haziness 250ms; webkit-change: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u777af3fe25750e185dcec92f64e1c525:active , .u777af3fe25750e185dcec92f64e1c525:hover { mistiness: 1; change: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u777af3fe25750e185dcec92f64e1c525 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u777af3fe25750e185dcec92f64e1c525 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content design: underline; } .u777af3fe25750e185dcec92f64e1c525 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u777af3fe25750e185dcec92f64e1c525 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt span: 3px; content adjust: focus; content beautification: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .u777af3fe25750e185dcec92f64e1c525:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u777af3fe25750e1 85dcec92f64e1c525 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u777af3fe25750e185dcec92f64e1c525-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u777af3fe25750e185dcec92f64e1c525:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Asian Families Essay(Zimring, pg 33, 1995)Ownership of handguns stops a huge number of casualty wounds and passings that would not have been avoidable given the favorable circumstances that crooks have over unarmed residents. In 1980, between 1,500-3,000 criminals were lawfully slaughtered by furnished regular citizens as self-protection and about another 8,700-16,600 crooks were injured under similar conditions, which mean it was lawful. On the off chance that this data is exact, at that point regular people slaughter and harm by a wide margin significantly a larger number of criminals every year than cops do. Everybody realizes that cops are prepared to pose inquiries first and shoot later, yet individuals

Nonsmokers A Prospective Study Free Essays

In 2006, Rudolf bertagnoli and his group distributed an examination exploring the impacts of smoking on patients who have experienced Lumbar complete plate arthroplasty. â€Å"Smoking has consistently been considered to a negative indicator for combination surgery.† (Bertagnoli. We will compose a custom exposition test on Nonsmokers: A Prospective Study or then again any comparable theme just for you Request Now R, 2006) Very few investigations have been embraced to watch impacts of smoking on the methodology of Total arthroplasty and the recuperation a while later in smoking and non smoking patients. Some examination recommends that smoking forestalls or decreases the bones capacity to develop into the prosthesis. Postponement in recuperation and abatement in over all achievement of the implantation methodology have additionally been accused on smoking. (ProDisc Total Disk Replacement, 2008) â€Å"The point of the examination was to assess the progressions in useful and incapacity results inside a time of two years least in smoking and nonsmoking patients who have experienced the counterfeit circle substitution therapy.† (Bertagnoli. R, 2006) The Null speculation and the Alternate theory proposed were as per the following. Invalid Hypothesis: Smoking has no hindering impact on achievement of counterfeit plate substitution (ADR). Substitute Hypothesis: â€Å"Smoking detrimentally affects the achievement of counterfeit plate substitution (ADR).† (Bertagnoli. R, 2006) An associate report was led with an underlying example of 110 patients between March 2000 and April 2002. The incorporation measures for the examining included, smokers and non smokers, age between 18-65 years, â€Å"disabling low back agony and some radicular torment auxiliary to single-level lumbar spondylosis† (Bertagnoli. R, 2006) , patients experiencing least of multi year development and evaluation, and in conclusion disappointment of clinical treatment. They barred â€Å"patients with spinal stenosis, osteoporosis, earlier combination medical procedure, ceaseless contaminations, metal hypersensitivities, aspect arthrosis, insufficient vertebral endplate size, more than one degree of spondylosis, neuromuscular infection, pregnancy, Workers’ Compensation, spinal suit, weight record more noteworthy than 35, or potentially any isthmic.† (Bertagnoli. R, 2006) Patient’s smoking status was recorded through polls. Preoperative parts of the lumbar inconsistency were recorded radiographically. Result estimations were recorded at third, sixth, twelfth and the 24th month in the wake of experiencing the method. The technique achievement and recuperation movement was noted utilizing the Visual Analog Score (VAS) and the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI). Polls recording the back agony, torment drugs use and patient fulfillment were additionally utilized. Preoperative and postoperative radiographical evaluation of the back was additionally used to watch the recuperation movement in both, the smoking and non smoking gathering of patients. Subordinate factors included Smoking and Non smoking gathering. While the free factors included VAS, ODI, understanding fulfillment, leg torment, work rates (postoperative), and drugs utilized postoperatively. Measurable examination was done as it was discovered that despite the fact that there was noteworthy changes among preoperative and postoperative variable like VAS, ODI, understanding fulfillment, help of leg torment work rate and so on however no factually huge contrasts were found between these results of smoking patients when contrasted and nonsmokers. Hence, the investigation neglects to dismiss the invalid speculation, which despite everything stands, for example â€Å"Smoking has no impeding impact on achievement of fake circle substitution (ADR).† (Bertagnoli. R, 2006) The exploration was led in a controlled way barred numerous bias.â But further investigations should be directed with bigger example sizes to additionally investigate the job of smoking assuming any, in the achievement of circle substitution. Additionally there is requirement for investigating the connection between blood levels of nicotine and achievement of method just as the impacts of smoking and markers of bone adherence to the prosthesis should be additionally directed. Couple of inquiries that ring a bell, if nicotine plays such extraordinary hindering impact on the bone and collagen development as the investigation claims, at that point why wasn’t the impact of smokingâ on development factors and their observing excluded from the examination. Additionally, if as the analysts guarantee, that nicotine analgesically affects understanding, was it excluded as a part in the examination? REFERENCES Bertagnoli. R., Yue. J.J., Kershaw.T, Shah.R, V., Pfeiffer. F, Fenk-Mayer, An, et al. (2006). Lumbar Total Disk Arthroplasty Utilizing the ProDisc Prosthesis in Smokers versus Nonsmokers: A Prospective Study with 2-Year Minimum Follow-up. Spine, 3, 992-997. ProDisc Total Disk Replacement (2008).â Spine Service-Sydney, Australia, recovered on February 29th, 2008, from http://www.spine-service.org/dr.html ; ; ; ; ; Step by step instructions to refer to Nonsmokers: A Prospective Study, Essay models

Transition to College

The summer before college can be one of the most exciting summers of your life. You’ve just graduated high school and accomplished all the hard work that came with it. Now it’s time to enjoy yourself before you make the move to your dream college this fall. It’s important that you have fun and spend time with your friends, but you should also get a jump on preparations for the next big stage in your life: college! Here are a few things that we recommend you do this summer before you make the transition to college. Spend time with friends and family: This one might seem obvious but when college starts you won’t see your high school friends or your family as much as you do now. Take advantage of the summer and enjoy the time you have left in your hometown. Reach out to (stalk) your college roommate: By now you should have been assigned a roommate in your freshman dorms, so it’s time to open your social media apps and get stalking, or you could be old fashioned and actually contact them directly. Getting to know each other beforehand will help you in the long run, you can both start your friendship early or set the ground rules for living in a small space together. Research your professors: If you haven’t selected classes or you’re thinking of adding/dropping new ones, doing research into your professors will help you make your final decision. Using websites such as, RateMyProfessor.com, allows you to see feedback from your future peers on class difficulty, average grade, helpfulness, and much more. It’s always best to know what you’re getting yourself into, especially when selecting general education classes. Find out what books your courses require: If you’ve selected your classes already then find out what books are required. The university bookstore can be far more expensive than online retailers, so buying used books beforehand often saves you hundreds of dollars. If you’re really dedicated, you can even start reading the books before classes begin! Look into orientation events: Orientation week is filled with events that can help you get a jumpstart on your college social life. Yes, you might have to sit through one or ten incredibly awkward ice-breakers, but you’ll be surprised by how many friends you make complaining about those events afterwards. Start packing because you’re ready to go: Okay, so it isn’t exactly time to start packing but you can start thinking about what to pack. Remember, you won’t have a lot of space in your new room so don’t bring too much, and there are a lot of things you (or your parents wink wink) can buy when you move in. You’re embarking on a wonderful adventure when you start college, filled with new friends, and academic and personal growth. It’s important to prepare yourself, but don’t spend your last summer panicking about what’s to come, enjoy the next few months with your friends and family before you begin the next chapter of your life. Here’s a sneak peek of what to expect during your first few weeks of college: â€Å"The day I moved into my dorm at UCSC, I remember driving up a long road surrounded by nothing but sprawling fields, picket fences, and dozens of cows. I could’ve been forgiven for thinking that I’d inadvertently signed up to live the next four years of my life on an oversized farm. I soon learned, however, that Santa Cruz isn’t like that at all. The scenery at UCSC is more like an outdoor camping ground with a picturesque beach far off in the distance. I fell in love with the nature surrounding campus, and with it, the deer. At one point, I was able to stand about three feet from a deer as it was eating some grass, the closest I’ve been to one in my life.† amyychangg, UC Santa Cruz ‘17 Don’t forget if your parents aren’t willing to chip in for that bean bag you’re dying to have in your dorm room, you can always share your admit story on AdmitSee! Create a profile and upload your successful application materials. You get a $10 signup bonus, and can stand to earn more by helping future applicants better understand the college application process.

The Giver Persuasive Essay Dystopia - 2426 Words

Assignment Sheet: The Giver Persuasive Essay Utopia or Dystopia? The Giver describes a society in search of perfection, which is a recurring theme in literature. Somebody in Jonas’s society decided that eliminating or limiting choices and feeling, among other things, would ultimately create a perfect place in which to live. By eliminating and/or limiting choices and feelings, the creators were able to implement Sameness, which would then provide a conflict-less environment in which to exist. To most kids in our society, the changes in Jonas’s world would be difficult to accept because we in America value our freedom to choose and to voice our desires. Did the creator’s of Jonas’s community truly improve society as we know it today?†¦show more content†¦Conclusion: 1. Restate your Thesis Statement in a new and interesting way by briefly reminding the reader of your strongest argument(s). 2. So-what: Consider the following ideas: a) Can a utopia ever be achieved? b) How can a society or culture ever improve if people will always disagree on how to improve? c) If utopia cannot be achieved, where can we find hope for betterment? d) How can an individual overcome a failing society? e) Original ideas: SENTENCE STARTERS The Giver Persuasive Essay Sentence Starters for Body Paragraph 1 Suggested Sentence Starters for Supporting Evidence of Body 1: Revise wording as needed. Decide on the most logical order in which to put sentences. ☠ºIn The Giver, citizens are given. . . ☠ºAdditionally, they are only allowed to†¦ ☠ºSome choices that the citizen are deprived of/shielded from are†¦ ☠ºCitizens can only†¦ which causes†¦ ☠ºMost importantly, the community is†¦ which ultimately causes/allows the citizens to be †¦ ☠ºThe community values†¦ by deciding to†¦ Suggested Sentence Starters for Quotes in Body 1: Anyone who forgets to introduce his/her quote or forgets to provide relevant context, will drop his/her final draft grade by 20%!! ☠ºOne scene that best illustrates†¦ comes when †¦ ☠ºIn this conversation†¦ ☠ºAt that moment, The Giver informs/responds/tells/points out/suggests that†¦ ☠ºIn that instance, Jonas suggests/questions/shows/feels/tells/ points out that†¦ ☠ºDuring a conversation with . . . [the character]

Psychoactive Substances A Psychoactive Substance Essay

Throughout history, alcohol has been the most popular psychoactive substance. Opium is another psychoactive substance appears early in history. It is also used for many medical issues such as pain, relief, cough suppression and diarrhea control as well for its mental properties of sedation and euphoria. The struggles for control of the supply of psychoactive substances were matched by the strength of the request for substances that relieve pain and induce pleasure. It is hard to separate the actual medicinal benefits of many psychoactive drugs from the desirable feelings engendered by the substances. Psychoactive substances, including nicotine, alcohol, and marijuana, can pass the blood-brain barrier. They are fat-soluble (lipophilic), and the brain is mostly fatty, it readily absorbs fat-soluble substances. When an individual uses a psychoactive drug, most often it is the old brain that remembers the experience and how it felt. Motivation for Abstinence/Recovery Motivation Everybody s treatment needs are different based on their history of abuse, the substance abused, and the duration of abuse. Depending on these factors, you may require varying combinations of services and treatment such as a combination of counseling or psychotherapy, medication, medical services and family therapy. Additionally, these needs may change as treatment and recovery progress (www.treatment.psychologytoday.com). The first step to treatment is recovery. Lasting, sobrietyShow MoreRelatedPsychoactive Substances Should Be Regulated Essay1679 Words   |  7 PagesSociety’s taste for psychoactive substances is attested to in the earliest human records. Drug use and abuse is as old as mankind; humans have always had an inclination towards ingesting substances that make them feel stimulated, relaxed, or euphoric. In the past, the general population has used psychoactive substances for religious and ceremonial, medicinal and r ecreational purposes in a socially approved way. Our forbearers refined more potent compounds and devised faster routes of administrationRead MorePsychoactive Substance Problems Of The United States1072 Words   |  5 PagesKadey Welch Assignment #7 SPH-B 316 11/5/2015 Psychoactive Substance Problem in the U.S. Involving Tobacco Cigarettes are the most important substance to address in the United States because they are not only extremely addictive, but they have the potential to cause a variety of serious health conditions and affect individuals who are close to and care for the user. Tobacco use poses a serious health threat especially among the young population of America and has significant implicationsRead MorePsychoactive Drugs Can Be Defined As Any Chemical Substance3595 Words   |  15 PagesPsychoactive drugs can be defined as any chemical substance, whether it be of a synthetic or of an organic nature, used with the purpose of altering an individual’s psychological state of mind, mood or perception (Gossop, 1993, cited in Saggers Gray, 1998). According to Fleckenstein, Hanson Venturelli (2014), drugs are allocated into two categories consisting of illegal and legal. Illegal drugs usually consist of hallucinogenic substances such as marijuana (however, can be used for medical rea sons)Read MorePsychoactive Substances Harm The Well- Being Of Our Society Creating The Need For Implementation Of An Effective Policy Response Essay1892 Words   |  8 PagesPsychoactive substances harm the well- being of our society creating the need for implementation of an effective policy response. The Psychoactive Substances Act was implemented in 2013 due to a number of concerns being raised from the general public and Health officials about the effects of that synthetic substances were having on the people who were using them as well as their communities. Another concern raised was the unknown ingredients that the â€Å"legal highs† were being made from. These concernsRead MorePsychological And Psychological Effects Of Drug Addiction Essay841 Words   |  4 Pagesis associated with them having a feeling of well-being. Psychological Dependence relates to an emotional need for a drug or substance that has no underlying physical need. An example, of psychological depend ence would a person who stops smoking, but recovers physically in a short time. For an example of psychological dependence, one would look at the emotional need for nicotine, which is much more difficult to overcome. In the psychological stage of drug addiction, the users continually think theyRead MoreDrug Wars and Coffee Houses Paper1197 Words   |  5 Pages10/31/2012 | | David Mares gives us insight into the political economy of drug trafficking in his book Drug Wars and Coffee Houses. To help us understand how psychoactive substances are organized and distributed, he uses the concept of a commodity chain. A commodity chain is the system that links consumption of psychoactive substances to everything that makes it possible, and proves that if something affects one phase of the system, the other phases are affected as well. Consumers and producersRead MoreEssay about Psychoactive Drugs and Their Effect on Consciousness989 Words   |  4 Pagesconsciousness. Along with these age old questions, also came the use of psychoactive drugs and other mind altering substances. In order to try to understand these questions, humans have experimented with drugs that alter their state of consciousness. Psychoactive drugs are defined as chemical substances that affect the brain’s functioning, causing changes in behavior, mood and consciousness. There are several different types of psychoactive drugs;, some of these include: stimulants, depressants, and mostRead MoreReaction Paper On Limitless1592 Words   |  7 Pagesthe movie Eddie comes across a substance called â€Å"NZT†. This substance turned out to be a drug that could unleash his untapped cognitive potential. Within one day of taking the pill he was able to complete the stalled book and create his formula which later allowed him to become an enigma on Wall Street. The premise of the movie is very interesting for people who have looked at pushing their cognitive limits. This movie has drawn comparisons to the stimulant psychoactive drugs Adderall and ModafinilRead MoreAddictive Behavior - 11248 Words   |  5 Pages- Addictive Behavior o Are habits that have gotten out of control, with resulting negative effects on a person’s health. - What is Addiction? o Psychological or physical dependence on a substance or behavior, characterized by a compulsive desire and increasing need for the substance or behavior and by harm to the individual and/or society. - Characteristics of Addictive Behavior 1. Reinforcement- addictive behaviors are reinforcing. Some aspect of the behavior produces pleasurable physicalRead MoreQuestions on Psychology1708 Words   |  7 Pages1. Which of the following statements most accurately represents the use of plant-based psychoactive substances? A. Plant-based psychoactive drugs are uncommon today and rarely used. B. Today marijuana is the only plant-based psychoactive substance that is still used. C. All plants that yield psychoactive substances are illegal today. D. About 4,000 plants yield psychoactive substances, and the vast majority are not illegal. 2. The Gin Epidemic†¦ E. is a myth

The Undoing Racism Workshop and Organizational Change

Question: Critically discuss about the 'Institutional racism' will only be eliminated by the immediate introduction of positive discrimination/affirmative action? Answer: Introduction Treating a person or a group of people in a different manner in favour or against such individual or group is known to be discrimination[1]. In common parlance, this differential treatment is worse or detrimental to the person against whom such discrimination is being made. In a similar manner, institutional discrimination is the unjust and discriminatory mistreatment of an individual or a group of individuals by institutions and the society as a whole. This type of discrimination is done through unequal treatment and biasness. Therefore, the element of equity before the law comes into play. Institutional discrimination can be seen throughout the country and is present in public and the private sector equally, in educational institutions and in every layer of the society. There is a difference between individual and institutional discrimination. Individual discrimination is said to be both conscious and obvious[2]. On the other hand, institutional discrimination has its roots deep into the societal structure. Therefore, to curb the ill effect of such institutional discrimination is much more tenacious. It takes place irrespective of the desires and intentions of the people forming part of the society. It is the result of individual and collective actions that gives rise to institutional discrimination and cannot be evaluated just merely recognizing individual motives. Institutional discrimination works within the framework of normal relationships of institutions and its eradication requires more than just good intentions but an evaluation and revision of the discriminatory practices within an organization[3]. One other important mode of discrimination is institutional racism. Macpherson gave two clear definitions of racism and institutional racism separately. According to him, racism in general terms consists of words, conduct, or practices that provide an advantage or disadvantage due to their colour, culture or ethnic origins[4]. Macpherson represented institutional racism as a collective failure of an organization to provide an appropriate and professional service to people because of their culture, colour or ethnic origin. Institutional racism is evident in various processes in the form of prejudice, ignorance and stereotyping behaviour. This essay will try to portray the types of such institutional racism practices and the remedies provided by the legislative framework of the country. By evaluating the legislative provisions, this essay will also try to come to a remedial conclusion. Institutional racism can be seen in many social and political fronts including criminal justice, housing, employment, health care, education and political power. Discrimination against a certain group based on their race is often overlooked, as it cannot be explicitly separated as an organizational practice. Institutional racism always contains an element of oppression. Institutional oppression takes place when the prevalent legislative structure, customs and systems create inequality instead of eliminating it. Oppression is exercising authority or power in an unjust manner and putting a burden on an individual or group. The concept of institutional racism first surfaced in the radical writings of the US black political activists[5]. The concept of racism was very much argued and was deeply established within the structure of the society[6]. The common commotion was the anti-black attitude of inferiority and the supremacy of the white people. The discrimination was prominent in the f orm of high mortality rate due to lack of food and nutrition, inadequate housing facilities and healthcare in the black neighbourhoods. These factors altogether showed that racism was institutional rather than individual[7]. Eventually the concept became a part of the mainstream political disclosures. Due to the increased uproar among the common individuals and ethnic groups, certain policing and equality reforms were undertaken by the administration. However, these reforms failed to achieve their objectives as implementation of the revolutionary seeming steps were actually delayed and biased. Gradually, the social and political scenario began changing. Continuous representations and struggle of the targeted groups forced the administration to recognize the delicacy of the situation and need of the hour. This recognized needs resulted in enacting legislative reforms in order to provide protection against institutionalized racism and ensure fundamental rights of the people of the UK. To begin a detailed discussion on the topic, we need to have a good understanding of equality law. The Equality Act 2010 governs the element of equality and its auxiliary matters today. The first piece of legislation in the UK was the Race Relations Act 1965, which settled matters related to discrimination and equality for more than four decades[8]. Eventually the scope of protection became larger and so did the number of legislations guaranteeing protection. A number of legislations operates domestically and ensure protection against discrimination. Such legislations include The Equal Pay Act 1970, Sex Discrimination Act 1975, Disability Discrimination Act 1995, the Employment Equality (Religion or Belief) Regulations 2003, Employment Equality (Sexual Orientation) Regulations 2003, Employment Equality (Age) regulations 2006, Equality Act 2006 (Part 2) and the Equality Act (Sexual Orientation) Regulations 2007[9]. Apart from this existing legislative framework, UK also had to integrate the directives given by the European Union (EU). Since the inclusion of the UK in the EU, the supremacy of the EU law was established. Therefore, a number of directives provided by the European Council relating to human rights and equality had to be integrated within the legislative framework of the UK[10]. EU directives are mainly concerned with equal treatment of individuals irrespective of their ethnic or racial origin, equal treatment in employment and occupation, equal treatment of men and women while assessing supply of various goods and services and equal opportunities and equal trea tment of men and women in matters related to employment and occupation (recast)[11]. In addition to the above directives, the EC published another draft directive that prohibits discrimination against disability, religion or belief, sexual orientation and age, housing, education, access to goods and services, social security, social protection and social advantage[12]. People belonging to ethnical minority have been facing the curse of racism from time immortal in the society and its institutions. This racial inequality has affected workplaces, health and education to a massive extent. In such a scenario, up keeping the nominal human rights of people has become a daunting task for the government and regulatory bodies[13]. Many times this discrimination has taken place because some people belong to a particular religion or race. A large portion of the British population has admitted that they had to face racism and the situation has become worse. These people, in spite of being British citizens were exposed to behaviour that was detrimental to their very means of being a living human being. Growing hostility towards immigrants and an acute phobia towards a particular religion have sparked a sense of hatred among the population. This is increasingly pushing back the social stature of the country backwards. These prejudicial treatment incidents are in the rise since 2001 as quoted by the data provided by NatCens authoritative British Social Attitudes (BSA)[14]. However, the viewpoint of a niche group cannot be ignored. International incidents such as the London bombings, destruction of the Twin Towers and the war in Afghanistan and Iraq are some of the major contributors to an offensive sentiment of the people of the UK. Innocent people have lost their lives and the lives of their loved ones as a result of international terrorism. After this, the global financial crisis of 2008 crippled the economies of some of the most developed nations of the world[15]. The sub-prime crisis gave rise to unemployment and crime. In such a situation, institutionalized racism was at its peak. Massive corporate frauds had eaten up the institutional structure of the country to a great extent[16]. Corruption was spread throughout the administrative system and this affected overall growth of the country. Inequality in workplace was no different. This was despite of the fact that immigrants and people belonging to other ethnic backgrounds often outperformed ordinary Britons. The education and health system was no different. According to the data provided by the census of 2001 and 2011, there was a huge difference between the situation of the Britons and people belonging to other backgrounds[17]. The difference was visible in the obtaining proper housing facilities, the standard of living, and health and in education. Institutional racism has a long history and the incidents related to institutional are frequently occurring since the establishment of the British Empire. Imperial policies in the past divided the people into the racialised groups[18]. Institutional racism is the legacy of the colonial construction. Race and racism have become embedded in government policies, academic discourses and popular culture over the centuries. Today, all the organisations in the UK are affected by Institutional racism. Most of the people recognise the overt bigotry as institutional racism. However, Institutional racism is entirely different than the overt bigotry. Institutional racism dictates life outcomes: career prospects or educational achievement, rather than just the offences of the overt racist slur. However, such activities can only be identified through highly empirical and large scale studies[19]. Most of the senior institutional leaders have less understanding the issues related to institutional racism, as they have less experience working with the people of colour mixing at that level. Institutional racism seems like never ending issue in the UK. However, the UK government is considerably changing their policies and is also applying positive discrimination/affirmative action to prevent institutional racism related issues. Countries like the US have already made greater progress towards such issues. The debates related to racism in the UK came down to connections between black, Asian, Chinese and white communities during 1960s and 1970s[20]. However, currently the UK has become extremely diverse, in terms of different communities, cultures and ethnicities, which are frequently growing in the era of free movement. People from different countries throughout the world are coming to the UK for various purposes such as higher studies, working profession and as visitors. Many people stay for a while, whereas many others stay forever. Therefore, the pressure on the UK government to understand the differences between the people has been frequently increasing. Such issues are also becoming sensitive for the UK government to manage[21]. In addition, Eastern European migration has also influence discrimination and tension among the white, black and Asian people, who have recently arrived to Britain. Tension between different African and Caribbean communities is also there in parts of Londo n[22]. In addition, the younger generation of Britons are more likely to marry someone from different background. It is essential for the organizations to reduce institutional racism, as they may affect the organizations in terms of the following: Activities within institutional racism may impede or prevent the employees or staffs of racism from making the fullest contribution to the organizations. Activities within institutional racism may impede or prevent the employees or staffs of racism from achieving full potential as a human being[23]. The person or group engaging in institutional racism actions often weaken the entire organizations, as they impede or prevent the victims to offer potential contributions towards the organizations[24]. The person or group engaging in institutional racism actions increase the present or eventual likelihood of retaliation by the employees and staffs. Institutional racism is entirely illegal in the UK and such activities may severely affect the organizations in terms of reputation and legal consequences[25]. Various ways are there to minimise institutional racism. The management should consider renovating their HRM strategies to develop a diverse workforce, where they should concentrate recruiting and hiring racially and ethnically diverse staffs. However, it will not be enough to hire people from different racial and ethnic backgrounds[26]. The management of the organizations should communicate and collaborative effectively with minority organizations, social groups, networks, media, and places, where people of different ethnic and cultural groups belong. The organizations may use word-of-mouth as the recruitment tool. The management must prepare and publish an equal-opportunity policy related to hiring and promoting employees. Apart from the employees and staffs, the organizations should consider recruiting recruit culturally and ethnically diverse board members, executives, and managers. Sharing or power by the leadership can minimise institutional racism[27]. The board members and executives of the organizations reflect the communities or constituencies for reducing institutional racism. The management should frequently conduct surveys and feedback sessions with the employees and staffs to evaluate the barriers or attitudes that they are facing at the workplace. Negative portrayals, exclusion, or stereotypes can be evaluated through organizational newsletter or other publications. The organizations and their managements must evaluate the ways to improve their workplace for board members and executives from diverse racial and ethnic groups. Such activities will help understanding the needs to minimise institutional racism and signifying the importance of institutional racism for every group[28]. The organizations should develop a task force or committee, which will be dedicated to form and to monitor the plans for promoting inclusion and fighting racism in the workplace. Institutional racism can be reduced by developing permanent task force or committees, which will become the significant parts of the corporate structure for ensuring inclusive and just institutional policies. Affirmative action implies a set of policies. The key aim of such policies is to revise historical trends, which have been locating the minority groups within the disadvantaged position mainly in work, education and political institutions[29]. In general, the affirmative actions include various activities such as encouraging public and private employers, political institutions and educational institutions for granting a better access towards members of groups, who faced or affected due to collective forms of exclusion and discrimination. Affirmative actions are related to specific policy treatment for the employees and staffs of historically disadvantaged and discriminated against groups. Affirmative action has been setting goals for better inclusion of individual staffs and employees, who belong to historically excluded group. Affirmative goals also evaluate the situation. However, in the UK, additional activities were required for minimising the gap between formal equality and cont inued inequality and exclusion. Affirmative action programs were formulated and implemented initially with the support from widespread population[30]. Racism is the philosophy of the belief that humanity has many races, which are created based on biological and/or cultural preferences. Similar trend has been continuing over the generations with the same characteristics[31]. Few of the races are superior and others are inferior. Racist philosophies are based on the convictions related to biological and cultural inferiority, which are conceived as diverse, based on various bases such as the skin colour of the employees and staffs, which are associated with natural and/or cultural deficiencies. Hierarchisation and homogenisation are the basic logics behind racism. Racism logic preserves the purity of the superior race[32]. Racism is broader than the concept of anti-Semitism, even such concepts are rests on similar assertions and beliefs. Racism also signifies a set of prejudices that administrates the behaviour and thinking of the individual employees. Just because an individual employee is supposed to belong to a race, a particular b ehaviour or attitude is expected from them. It is not essential that discrimination will always have a negative impact for both the sides. However, even if activities related to discrimination are beneficial to someone, discrimination will still be considered as wrong[33]. Even discriminating in favour of someone is also not acceptable. Discrimination is wrong in terms of racial determinism. Activities within discrimination imply that the discriminator can conduct a legitimate inference regarding an employee based on their race, class or birthplace. Deterministic models have ineffective or illogical arguments, as it is impossible to assume or justify whether a person is lazy, rich or a Democrat, based on their race. Both Discrimination and determinism are wrong. However, as per the government, doing wrong things with a justifiable reason are still permitted[34]. Diversity implies a cohesive justification towards discriminatory practices rather quickly. Diversity returns the area of determinism for assuming that someone is likely to have different viewpoint or backgrounds based on their socio-economic class or race, which is a deterministic idea[35]. Therefore, discriminatory determinism is utilised for the justification related to affirmative action. Subsequently, it is also assumed that confronting employees or staffs with diversity on campus will enforce them for interacting with and benefiting from it. Affirmative action programs consider race as the factor for making decisions related to recruitment and selection. Institutional racial discrimination is not easier to confirm, as the related decisions are subjective and are also not open to scrutiny. This is because the interviewers develop personal impressions of applicants. The decisions of the HRM managers may also become largely subjective for the greater position. Biasness or diversity is also impossible to prove, as it mainly operates below the conscious awareness level. Therefore, the related personnel maybe unaware that race is playing a significant role. Most of the researchers have identified such phenomenon as implicit racism. Affirmative action is one of the most crucial and divisive issues in the UK. However, many researchers argued that the affirmative action programs are completely opposite to the American ideals of the personal rights. Some of the researchers also considered this as the support, which is necessary for equality. For understanding the rationale behind the affirmative action, it is essential for defining the intentions of such programs. The proponents of affirmative action programs are proposing that the key logic and purpose behind the affirmative action is not reverse compensation or discrimination for years of oppression and slavery. It is also not sanctioned racism, sexism or a rejection of the UK government[36]. It is argued that the considerations behind the race or gender, specifically on the organizations, as one of the key factors of recruitment process and is also the attempt to create the optional professional experience for all the employees[37]. The formulation and the imple mentation of the affirmative action programs on the organizational workplaces is considered for enhancing the learning and growth environment for all the employees through allowance of the diversity environment, concerning to point of view and the background[38]. Policies those are essential for adjusting recruitment processes for the minorities to attempt for compensating towards the complex social problems. However, it is not even practical, especially when the system related to meritocracy is ideal. After the war on terror was declared by the western and European countries, inequality and discrimination was on the rise. This resulted in hostility towards immigrants and people belonging to different ethnic backgrounds. This discrimination was in addition to the culture of colour discrimination that was already there in the societal structure. This discrimination of being superior and others being inferior was no different from the sentiments of the Germans of the third Reich. Such a sentiment has plagued the society for decades[39]. The alarming statistics relating to the rise of institutionalized racism in the UK forced many to think and revise the social and political framework of the country. This was an evident sign that the volatility of racism was yet to be abolished by the people of the country[40]. It was high time that the need to change the overall situation of the country to be changed. The government and the regulating bodies recognized the needs of the hour and imple mented rules and regulations to protect the rights of the people of the country irrespective of their ethnic backgrounds. As a codified constitution is absent in the UK and the country is ruled by the Doctrine of Parliamentary Supremacy, the Parliament took effective steps to ensure protection to its entire people[41]. Several legislations in this regard were passed by the Parliament to facilitate and promote equality among its people. The courts and the entire judicial system were strengthened where matters related to inequality and institutionalized racism would be heard and resolved. Racism took many forms and thus, it was required to handle each and every case in a different manner according to the prevailing situation of the case. The scenario change to a great extent with the integration of the UK with the EU[42]. With its membership in the EU, UK agreed to the supremacy of the EU laws over and above state and national level legislations. In essence, it was seen that in case of any contravention between the UK and the EU laws, the provisions of the EU law prevailed. This was a well established fact and the European Communities Act was passed in the UK parliament in the year 1972 to complete the legislative integration process. As a result, the laws relating to discrimination that were already applicable in the Union became applicable in the UK too[43]. As a result, the country got a constructive legal structure to deal with matters related to discrimination and inequality. Apart from the directives of the EC, the UK Parliament passed the Human Rights Act in 1998 and the Equality Act in 2010[44]. These two legislations formed the base promoting equality and protection of human rights. The main reason behind im plementing these legislations and directives was that a need was felt to take immediate and stringent actions against racism and discrimination. The need for immediate measures was felt in the current situation as such incidents affected the entire community to a great extent. Apart from social problems, the image of the country began deteriorating as institutional racism increased in the country[45]. These positive steps were of utmost important to limit and curb the ill effects of racism that has spread throughout the country[46]. The government, through these legislative measures showed a proper path to its people for equal treatment of every human being of the country. The responsibility of the government was not finished just by passing these legislations and directives; it took positive steps to implement these regulations throughout the country. The responsibility of implementation was entrusted to the judiciary[47]. The judicial system actively took initiatives for proper ju dicial explanations of the legislations and the reforms. Immediate actions were taken in the form of detailed handling of cases relating to racism and discrimination. Judicial pronouncements were made public to spread awareness among the people of the country[48]. Therefore, it can be seen that the menace of institutionalized racism and discrimination can only be eradicated by taking effective, immediate and stringent steps by the judicial system of the country. Conclusion Differential treatment of people gives rise to discrimination and inequality. This discrimination can be on a personal individual level or it may be institutional. In both cases, biased and unequal treatment gives rise to dissatisfaction to the aggrieved party. Individual discrimination is done consciously, while institutional discrimination is a result of the overall sentiment of an organization or institution. Institutional racism and discrimination has its roots deep down in the societal sentiments of people and their cultural practices. In the past few decades, the situation of the UK has changed as compared to its previous situation. International events and the ancient sentiment of being superior have posed a number of problems for the country. The overall economic and political situation of the country recognized the needs to implement proper and effective steps to change the sentiments of the population. In order to achieve this objective, a number of legislations were passed by the UK parliament to deal with the matters of institutionalized racism and discrimination. Its main weapon turned out to be the Equality Act and the Human Rights Act that showed the clear intentions of the government and the authorities to provide a solution to the rising incidents relating to racism and inequality. The gradual inclusion of the UK in the European Union brought about various changes in the legal, political and the judicial system of the country. The inclusion provided more strength to the overall structure and made the intentions of the government clear that racism and discrimination will be handled in the most stringent manner. The judiciary plays a pivotal role in the implementation of the legislative provisions. 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